S ummary:
Origins of the hull.
Boat hulls at 2 and 3 shells.
classic wooden boats: the different elements; carvel planking and winks.
plywood boats.
Vessels in wood and leather.
metal vessels.
ferrocement boats.
vessels in composite materials (polyester, carbon, etc. ..
Hull, works, died, keel, chine, pav ois, etc.
Deck Boats and unbridged.
The hull is element basis of a boat that i the N it to sail, oars or motor.
Originally , was perhaps a simple board which ad e onn the a windsurfing or some jangadas Brazilian , or a blend of pla n c. es , that is to say a raft, again, there are jangadas from this provision.
The raft in the foreground looks like a raft, while those that have seen behind a shell and a bridge, but keeps a very flat shape.
Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl conducted e n a raft balsa (wood very light), the Kon Tik i, with whom he salt, of South Am erican travelers would general usqu j ' Polynesia. He also made harbor in the pap yrus in Egypt, thinking that the e s É Egyptians aur have p u go to America. small rafts or p irogues papyrus exist e n A frica , including Ethiopia. The phot o above of ssous shows what kind of boat, exp dared s ur the st and to Ethiopian feasts of e Brest 2004.
Below these boats on the water.
The third hull shape primitive is the dugout t ron c wood cut at its ends to be recessed for better hydrodynamics and Fleet r and that p witzerland take place. The canoe below is equipped with a pendulum r endan t more stable, especially in sailing. The proa is a Polynesian outrigger canoe, that may operate in two directions (from the front of the rear tack)
Below this curious craft coming of Galicia consists of two canoes assembled by a kind of raft, an ancestor of e catamaran (boat 2 shells), perhaps ...
The boats two hulls (catamarans) and 3 hulls (trimarans) are become larger boats, technically sophisticated than the last five years uantaine. They are mostly pleasure boats; the racing multihulls are remarkable and are the fastest sailing ships, capable of 0 exceed 4 knots. 
Above, a modern catamaran of 50 feet (15 m), Victorinox . 
The small trimaran above a central hull canoe, we can see his side fins and lateen rigging. 
Large modern trimarans have floats as long as the central hull, as seen above with 60 feet Banque Populaire, they often sail on a single float from that there is little wind. The main material used for of e s millet the énaires was the wood . Gradually, the structure of the hull was perfection n ed po u r v in i r what it is today ' Today: a frame covered with planks, the planks. Ci-d esso us , c e s wrecks Cemetery boats Douarnenez reveal elements of their stru cture .
Framing revolves around an outgoing you a "spine" in the axis of the vessel : keel at the bottom of the boat, bow in front, stern to rear. Transversely chord consists of couples or frames, more or less complex depending on the size of the boat. At the keel, s me m b locks are reinforced by floors. The upper part of the couples is connected by e the clamp bauquière (inside) and wale formed parts b ois horizon your that go around the boat. differe nt parts are connected by boulo ns of ankle s and nails.
The picture above shows Ian goustier construction in Douarnenez (May 2009), viewed from the front: there are many extended keel ave year t by the bow; frames; the wale.
The back of the boat shows fo rm the keel, forming an anti-drift, and the stern, which receive the rudder blade (see below) .
The third picture shows how couples back on the back to form vault, on both sides of the stern. The arch is surmounted by a future highly sloped transom .
edges are formed boards ass emblies is lo n different techniques. The two main provisions are carvel planking and clinker planking.
In the first case (freeboard), the planc hes so nt assembled assemblies b ord aboard ; They are Asked about the couples, which they are so x ed by g Rosses Point, the Carvell . The adjustment of the edges were not perfect, joints s have u bo markets with tow endurance ite tar: the caulking , which must be REFA it more o u m oi n s regularly.
The image above shows the boat Douarnenez Telenn Mor, built in 1983 for restoration (May 2009). The lined rotten were removed, which suggests couples. Of the remaining edges are distinguished e white dots: the ends of Carvell.
It recognizes the bow and keel ; the very ANSIT between are 2 forms an angle, called forefoot. the forefoot, sometimes reinforced by a piece of wood, is p read or less marked: sometimes sharp corners, some very rounded. it is also more or less pushed into the water, sometimes even emerged on the boat at rest.
The following image shows a detail of the joint ven m that o nd i stingue the planking and some have been sanded, some Carvell were too corroded fl e arr ac h ed to be replaced. Lined between some remnants remain of the old boatswain ge which has lost its seal. planking was removed, revealing couples. Between 2 rimmed located -d 're under, the caulking was removed to be replaced.
In the second case (clinker planking) they overlap longitudinally . This latter provision is especially common on boats Nordic small and medium-sized (up longship). Sometimes, especially on small boats, are lined constructed first, the couples then they are suitable.
longship The above shows that provision.
The yacht above is also bordered clinker.
The keel is not always on flat s emb Arcati ons flat bottom as their name suggests, it is replaced by a sole on lacquered ell e the ship can run aground. The connection between the shell and the sole is so tricky.
The small flat view above is used as an annex , we see that the bottom flat extends to the front. The hull structure is visible: vertical pairs are connected by a horizontal board, the greenhouse-bauquière. structure is reinforced by the benches (painted red): central bank, stand back triangle t e consolidating the bow. The notch in the transom serves as a fulcrum for the oar , shown in the bottom of the boat. It is more convenient than sculling rowing on this type of em Barcat ion : can carry more passengers and equipment for the transfer between dock and boat .
This barge Loire, has a flat bottom and a very weak draft, and this allows him to pass where there is very little water and wash up easily. However, one can hardly expect to wind up a lot with this boat ...
If the installation of lined against the bow is relatively vem e n t simpl e, it is otherwise in the construction of the rear because it must be di SPOSE rl e u go worm na it (see chapter on the rear).
The picture above shows Ian goustier construction in Douarnenez (May 2009), viewed from the front: there are many extended keel ave year t by the bow; frames; the wale. 
The back of the boat shows fo rm the keel, forming an anti-drift, and the stern, which receive the rudder blade (see below) . 
The third picture shows how couples back on the back to form vault, on both sides of the stern. The arch is surmounted by a future highly sloped transom . edges are formed boards ass emblies is lo n different techniques. The two main provisions are carvel planking and clinker planking.
In the first case (freeboard), the planc hes so nt assembled assemblies b ord aboard ; They are Asked about the couples, which they are so x ed by g Rosses Point, the Carvell . The adjustment of the edges were not perfect, joints s have u bo markets with tow endurance ite tar: the caulking , which must be REFA it more o u m oi n s regularly.
The image above shows the boat Douarnenez Telenn Mor, built in 1983 for restoration (May 2009). The lined rotten were removed, which suggests couples. Of the remaining edges are distinguished e white dots: the ends of Carvell. It recognizes the bow and keel ; the very ANSIT between are 2 forms an angle, called forefoot. the forefoot, sometimes reinforced by a piece of wood, is p read or less marked: sometimes sharp corners, some very rounded. it is also more or less pushed into the water, sometimes even emerged on the boat at rest.
The following image shows a detail of the joint ven m that o nd i stingue the planking and some have been sanded, some Carvell were too corroded fl e arr ac h ed to be replaced. Lined between some remnants remain of the old boatswain ge which has lost its seal. planking was removed, revealing couples. Between 2 rimmed located -d 're under, the caulking was removed to be replaced.
In the second case (clinker planking) they overlap longitudinally . This latter provision is especially common on boats Nordic small and medium-sized (up longship). Sometimes, especially on small boats, are lined constructed first, the couples then they are suitable.
longship The above shows that provision. 
The yacht above is also bordered clinker. The keel is not always on flat s emb Arcati ons flat bottom as their name suggests, it is replaced by a sole on lacquered ell e the ship can run aground. The connection between the shell and the sole is so tricky.
The small flat view above is used as an annex , we see that the bottom flat extends to the front. The hull structure is visible: vertical pairs are connected by a horizontal board, the greenhouse-bauquière. structure is reinforced by the benches (painted red): central bank, stand back triangle t e consolidating the bow. The notch in the transom serves as a fulcrum for the oar , shown in the bottom of the boat. It is more convenient than sculling rowing on this type of em Barcat ion : can carry more passengers and equipment for the transfer between dock and boat . 
This barge Loire, has a flat bottom and a very weak draft, and this allows him to pass where there is very little water and wash up easily. However, one can hardly expect to wind up a lot with this boat ...
If the installation of lined against the bow is relatively vem e n t simpl e, it is otherwise in the construction of the rear because it must be di SPOSE rl e u go worm na it (see chapter on the rear).
Some boats are made of a frame bo i s covered tanned animal . This is the case of old ships in the Western Isles UK (Cornwall, Wales, Ireland);
The best known are the curraghs (the word has a compared with the word leather is sometimes translated as coracle in French). The photo above shows that the structure is close to a wooden-decked boat, but Hull replaces leather lined in wood.
It is on such boats as the emigrants from these countries have crossed the Channel and the Iroise to come to Britain, some are deven us saints, like Saint Efflam, Saint or Saint Cado Guireg.
last sixty years, other techniques are have developed for building wooden boats: the molded wood, often on s racing boats, and plywood, poured onto boats serial quite good m arket , including the series launched by architects like Herbulot and Harl.
The metal construction has long, been reserved for large ships and used the ferrous ;: iron first (second half of the 19th century), then steel . A structure consisting of pairs of bar burping and partitions e st-covered metal plates s forming the sides.
The best known are the curraghs (the word has a compared with the word leather is sometimes translated as coracle in French). The photo above shows that the structure is close to a wooden-decked boat, but Hull replaces leather lined in wood.
It is on such boats as the emigrants from these countries have crossed the Channel and the Iroise to come to Britain, some are deven us saints, like Saint Efflam, Saint or Saint Cado Guireg.
last sixty years, other techniques are have developed for building wooden boats: the molded wood, often on s racing boats, and plywood, poured onto boats serial quite good m arket , including the series launched by architects like Herbulot and Harl.
The metal construction has long, been reserved for large ships and used the ferrous ;: iron first (second half of the 19th century), then steel . A structure consisting of pairs of bar burping and partitions e st-covered metal plates s forming the sides.
Above the three-masted schooner the Boudeuse in work, shows her figure, found on most large yachts in steel: the keel is a steel beam of low rise that goes from bow to stern and is parallel to the waterline: the draft is almost the same front and rear. The forefoot bow is well marked (almost a right angle) and very depressed. the keel is deep, the vault back into rounded ends at the bridge: there is no transom. Saffron is entirely below the waterline.
The Boudeuse is an old fishing boat ; Its hull section has a more rounded than that of transport ships, whose section is rectangular, with flat bottoms and a nearly vertical wall (except at the front and rear).
Until about 1930, pl acks metal hull was riveted , since they are welded . In vessels from the early 20 th century, the can recognize that bordered have been changed.
It can be seen the photo below, that are riveted edges of Belem near the waterline, welded on top.
trifle, a small yacht built in 1893, is perhaps the smallest sailboat built in steel.
There are also composite shells m stall- wood, encountered on some clippers the second half of the 19th century (Cutty Sark, for example) and certainly on ns large yachts: the frame is steel, lined with wood. Do not confuse this composite structure with modern composite materials.
The large cutter Lulworth is a yacht whose frame is made of metal and lined with wood (mahogany).
More recently, the stainless steel alloys and especially aluminum are used for hull construction, in sizes medium ties (above 8 m about, a series of sailboats 5 m, 500 Pen Duick was not imitated e). the g oélette Tara is probably a of the largest yachts in "aluminum". The photo of her before, below, shows the appearance of this material: its protected by surface oxidation, it requires at Cune painting.
Some boats have also been constructed of ferro-cement The hull is made of a mesh that represents the structure and is impregnated concrete: a simple method to set out by amateurs, allowing ons Repair work easier, but the hull is quite fragile.
Above the ketch Boldness is a sailing-school English, built in 1971 in ferro-cement.
Finally, the newest materials are "plastic" : from s fabrics made of fiber glass of Kevlar fibers or carbon fibers are impregnated resins of various kinds. Everything is covered, in most cases, a layer of resin, gel coat and possibly paint.
Above Sant C'hireg is a replica of lobster Camarétois built with this material, but according to traditional architecture: It must be really close to see the difference with a wooden boat.
It can be seen the photo below, that are riveted edges of Belem near the waterline, welded on top.
trifle, a small yacht built in 1893, is perhaps the smallest sailboat built in steel. There are also composite shells m stall- wood, encountered on some clippers the second half of the 19th century (Cutty Sark, for example) and certainly on ns large yachts: the frame is steel, lined with wood. Do not confuse this composite structure with modern composite materials.
The large cutter Lulworth is a yacht whose frame is made of metal and lined with wood (mahogany). More recently, the stainless steel alloys and especially aluminum are used for hull construction, in sizes medium ties (above 8 m about, a series of sailboats 5 m, 500 Pen Duick was not imitated e). the g oélette Tara is probably a of the largest yachts in "aluminum". The photo of her before, below, shows the appearance of this material: its protected by surface oxidation, it requires at Cune painting.
Some boats have also been constructed of ferro-cement The hull is made of a mesh that represents the structure and is impregnated concrete: a simple method to set out by amateurs, allowing ons Repair work easier, but the hull is quite fragile.
Above the ketch Boldness is a sailing-school English, built in 1971 in ferro-cement. Finally, the newest materials are "plastic" : from s fabrics made of fiber glass of Kevlar fibers or carbon fibers are impregnated resins of various kinds. Everything is covered, in most cases, a layer of resin, gel coat and possibly paint.
Above Sant C'hireg is a replica of lobster Camarétois built with this material, but according to traditional architecture: It must be really close to see the difference with a wooden boat. The lobster and some other fishing vessels or transport of live fish can be equipped with a pool , ie a compartment filled with seawater This compartment is sealed to the inside the boat, while holes in the hull do connect with the sea
On recreational vessels usual, the hull and deck are, in general, each molded in one piece, then assembled at the strake . The assembly is stiffened inside by partitions of e t of contremoulages . These are actuellem ent materials commonly used to build boats because they lend themselves well to the const ruction series, a mold is used many times. Carbon, lightweight and durable, but expensive, was reserved for racing boats "hightech". For them, it invents composites increasingly com plex and at the same time very light.
The submerged part of the hull below the a waterline trains work s bright ; also spoken often hull. It of ilo stay clean, otherwise the resistance force increases, but the algae are e t c the oquillages be developed if there is no protection . cleaning the hull is called because Enagas.
must, after the shroud protects the hull e ; TODAY ' Today, we uti read general men t of antifouling paints, also called anti- Fouli ngs. But o n can also double hull e fine copper plates, which produce su bstan these to xique for organism are likely to fix. This gives the vitals of the ship x color gray-green. I the must also protect the wood against shipworms the molluscs that iy cr had ent galleries are and eat them.
The topsides , not disposed of per m has not nce (a u above waterline) , are connected to works v ive , on CHAQ eu edge by a bilge . This can be a smooth curve ( shaped hull ) or be very strong, it can form an angle ( chine , found mainly on boats are in plywood).
must, after the shroud protects the hull e ; TODAY ' Today, we uti read general men t of antifouling paints, also called anti- Fouli ngs. But o n can also double hull e fine copper plates, which produce su bstan these to xique for organism are likely to fix. This gives the vitals of the ship x color gray-green. I the must also protect the wood against shipworms the molluscs that iy cr had ent galleries are and eat them.
The topsides , not disposed of per m has not nce (a u above waterline) , are connected to works v ive , on CHAQ eu edge by a bilge . This can be a smooth curve ( shaped hull ) or be very strong, it can form an angle ( chine , found mainly on boats are in plywood).
The Corsair above, plywood, shows the hull chine (or drive). The bilge is located well below the waterline.
This example of aluminum hull (a UFO ) shows instead a chine located above the waterline.
This photo of Pauline flambart failed to St Quay-Portrieux, shows a draft of an important and voluminous hull, the bilge , very rounded is located significantly below the line flotation (marked by the boundary between the two colors of the shell).
The above photo of lug Misc shows how funds almost flat for this boat are connected, on one hand to the keel (the Garboard and the return Garboard ) and other part in the wall (the chine is well marked in this case) . The works are vi ves are painted in red ( antifouling ) and topsides black ; past, this was the black coal tar , ie tar coal.
This photo of Pauline flambart failed to St Quay-Portrieux, shows a draft of an important and voluminous hull, the bilge , very rounded is located significantly below the line flotation (marked by the boundary between the two colors of the shell). 
The above photo of lug Misc shows how funds almost flat for this boat are connected, on one hand to the keel (the Garboard and the return Garboard ) and other part in the wall (the chine is well marked in this case) . The works are vi ves are painted in red ( antifouling ) and topsides black ; past, this was the black coal tar , ie tar coal. On ships, the waterline is specified in the middle of the length, with a brand freeboard . This includes a circle whose diameter horizontal should never be immersed in warm salt water. The vertical line specifies the waterline in fresh water and water cold saline (North Atlantic). The letters, on both sides of the circle are the initials of the classification society that has made the check.
Above we see the mark of freeboard port of the three-masted schooner The Boudeuse. means BV Bureau Veritas .
Above, part of the wall of Kruzenshtern which shows the mark of freeboard.
The Wall e is part almost vertical of the hull. In general, it is more or less inclined towards the outside, especially at the ends. But in some cases, the shell is narrower at the waterline to the deck: it is said that the shell is frégatée because it is a characteristic of the frigates of 17th to 19th century e.
The width of the frigate Shtandart tapers upwards: it is a shell frégatée.
The wall ends above by the flat- bo rd or smooth.
At the bridge, the shell is often decorated a colored line, sometimes forming a bead protector: the strake. This line is often placed below the deck, top of the wale, or just its level (called sheer), or it can tuck the bottom of the bulwark.
On San Antone the strake is painted yellow, as gunwale . The shield is blue, the rest is white topsides.
The strake emphasizes the longitudinal profile of the bridge, in gener al parallel to the gunwale on vessels that have a shield and is an essential element of the silhouette of the vessel by determining the sheer . This sheer is generally concave upward (normal) , front and rear being relieved.
Carmelan , pictured above, shows what kind of sheer regularly.
It can also be straight or right .
The strake and the gunwale of the cutter Ausquémé , above, are almost straight.
The sheer can be reversed , especially on boats plywood.
Above the privateer shows an example of sheer reversed. Note that there is no bulwark: the strake marks the bond between the hull and deck.
On some boats, it forms a more complex curve:
Above sheer characteristic of Dundee Nebula is highlighted by its red and yellow strake, and by the smooth curve of the gunwale (green clear). At the bridge also, the shield is pierced with openings rectangula ires, the scuppers, through which water may flow to board sea L e ba Castle then beauce oup safer, water is rapidly evacuated. are distinguished at the strake on the photo Nebula (above).
The image above shows the ketch Tecla (steel) black hull, the bulwark is white, there are 3 box culverts. The wall and the shield can be pierced other openings:
The cut ship is like a door that opens in bulwark to allow installation of a ladder , where are the passages between the edge and the wharf. You can also use the cut for transhipment by schedule.
this picture of Belem, one notices the cut, and his door (white) opened, the scale used in the raid on the schedule is also visible.
The crew of the Amerigo Vespucci at Rouen Armada 2008, opened two cut from the port rail and installed two ladders: 1 for the rise of visitors, the other for their descent.
The windows, usually round and glazed, has pportent of light inside the boat. They can open and must be closed sd e faco No sealing che.
Above the wall of the Amerigo Vespucci 2 rows of windows: there are at least 2 habitable decks below the main deck.
The ports found on warships and allow guns to shoot through the hull or bulwarks. They should not be placed too low: The Sinking of Vasa in Sweden in the seventeenth century, was caused by the entry of water from ports are left open following a stroke cottage.
Above, 3 guns of the galleon Prins Willim are firing position through their ports.
Above, a cannon galleon Prins Willim outside his porthole view from inside the vessel. The gun, mounted on a carriage, can be stored away inside the boat and firmly held, the port can then be closed
The ports of Shtandart , a replica of a Russian frigate designed by Tsar Peter the Great, are very original with their opening ronde.sur image, we see that 4 out of 11 ports are open, one of them on the back, is ajar.
are found on many large yachts comm erce, of false ports, ie paintings that mimic the ports. Originally intended to t Roma per pirates (and who believed they were dealing with heavily armed vessels), these ports have become false decorative elements to recognize the boats of some companies.
this picture, we see that the wooden hull of Jeanie Johnston (Reply transport of emigrants) is painted fake portholes, is also the case of several tall ships steel, as Kruzenshtern , Belem or Palinuro.
A boat may be or not bridged .
S it is not bridged (Water troughs) , vo it is the s co u ple s at inside, a wave is too strong can fill the boat, which can therefore p nter ace Affro a sea too large relative to its size.
The photo above shows an example of a boat of open construction. Benches stiffen the hull, but the boat's interior is hollow.
S it is not bridged (Water troughs) , vo it is the s co u ple s at inside, a wave is too strong can fill the boat, which can therefore p nter ace Affro a sea too large relative to its size.
The photo above shows an example of a boat of open construction. Benches stiffen the hull, but the boat's interior is hollow. There are small boats semi-bridged. The bypass overlap the ends, which are well boxes of material, see small es ca turbines. The amidships-decked is where occupants stand (except power r are some maneuvers) .
On sailboats (especially on yachts) larger portion deck is proportionately greater: the non-cockpit deck is called or bathtub, the water can accumulate and must then be pumped.
This photo shows a small half-decked cutter . By enlarging the image, we can distinguish the pump port.
When the boat is deep enough, we can bridge the cockpit above the waterline; holes called sonable allow water to flow. We then say that the self-bailing cockpit , then it is less deeply than in the previous case, but the boat is as safe from this point of view, a decked boat.
On sailboats (especially on yachts) larger portion deck is proportionately greater: the non-cockpit deck is called or bathtub, the water can accumulate and must then be pumped.
This photo shows a small half-decked cutter . By enlarging the image, we can distinguish the pump port. When the boat is deep enough, we can bridge the cockpit above the waterline; holes called sonable allow water to flow. We then say that the self-bailing cockpit , then it is less deeply than in the previous case, but the boat is as safe from this point of view, a decked boat.
We see that the dragon above is fully decked, with the exception of the cockpit (which is not self-bailing).
If bridged, the bridge is supported by the greenhouse-bauquière and cross beams: the beams , formerly called leases. The term midship still designates the location or width of the boat is the largest. The edges located above the bridge of u ent the form bulwark , topped by the smooth (or gunwale ) .
Above the lighter Dahl Mad is fully decked, the flat panel is a lighter blue than the hull. We notice on the bridge superstructure low painted white deck houses (or roofs). Of these there are deckhouses opening hatches, blue, also called hatches. The large deck house in the middle is former hatch : the lighter is a replica of an old cargo ship, which had a wedge occupying most of the volume of the boat. We can load all sorts of goods, but the principal use was transporting sand. This large panel fully opened to allow loading. The hull and deck may be different appendages : spars and rigging , located above the deck or around the hull, the keel and or drifts placed under the hull (along the axis of symmetry or laterally), the rudder , which allows you to go right or change direction: see chapters for these topics.
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