Blades with several rigs have square sails the most complex that exist .
masts can be to Pible (one piece). This is the case with metal masts of sailboats latest: Today, we know manufacturing and welded tubes very long, several tens of meters, and make masts butted, ie whose diameter decreases towards the top (where efforts are less, and this reduces the weight of the mast) .
But for a long time, it was preferable to the masts of several parts (3, most often, sometimes 2): It is essential to build wooden masts and more convenient for metal poles. The upper mast, pole or parrot, is thinner than the pole in the middle (or topmast). The lower mast, or low-mast, has a larger diameter (Several decimetres). These compounds masts are also called poles Chouque because of how they are assembled (see article on the spars and rigging).
The guy is very complex: each of the 3 parts to be braced separately. A platform called steaming, "anchor the shrouds of the mast located on top of it. It is sometimes replaced by the spreaders, as on smaller boats.
The square sails that requiring sailors, topmen, climb aloft for some maneuvers , the guys are joined by rungs, called ratlines , that can mount as a échelle.Ces ratlines may be ropes (textile or metal) stamped on each strut, or wooden bars bringing together all the guys.
Shown here Cadet Mircea , three-masted training Romanian ratlines up to the topmast. On this ship, are ratlines ropes connecting the shrouds. 
Detail of a cadet to ratlines amount of Mircea . 
On Belem, like many large sailboats, ratlines are wooden bars connecting several guys together. At the port, the climb can be done from one side or the other, except in high winds. But at sea, it must be by the side wind, the latter plating the ratlines marine cons. The cottage also makes use of the board easier. should also lay hands on the guy, not the ratlines: they can give (which is why every sailor working in the rigging must report any weaknesses in repair).
past, many sailors lost their lives during travel and especially when working aloft: today, the wearing of harnesses is essential, and it is necessary to moor the vessel immediately when it was less than 2 points support. should in principle have two feet and one hand or one foot and both hands firmly laid. It is often said: a hand to you (to keep), the other for the boat (to work). But the harness allows a skilled sailor working with both hands without too much risk.
The yards spars are almost horizontal and generally oriented perpendicularly to the axis of the vessel . Unlike most other spars, such as mistletoe or horns, they can never be in the axis of the sailboat. They have a considerable size and weight on tall ships. They are usually hung on the poles by a chain or iron bar and a bracket allowing them to swivel horizontally (and a bit in the vertical direction) .
mast pictured above is that of an armored frigate, the Schorpioen . the Dutch ship, which can be visited in Den Helder, is representative of the mid 19th century. the steamer sails kept on a very simple rig. The lower-mast, tripod, is surmounted by a small steaming, which passes the topmast (also fixed in the lower pole by 2 Chouque).
The yard is suspended to the mast by a chain and clip (attached to the mast by a collar). We can see the steps (one on each side of the yard) from the middle to the end of the yard and hung the stirrups.
Above, a detail of the main yard of the three-masted training ship Sagres . we see the iron rod by which this enormous spar is suspended from the mast and the topmast. The caliper can guide the yard at about 50 ° from the perpendicular to the axis of the boat, which is a maximum. This angle is carried out to sea to sail upwind, and u port to limit the lateral size of the rig. A large protractor can play this angle . 
In this view of the tower of Belem , we see the foot of topman placed on one arm of the caliper. It is also clear the chain by which the yard was suspended to the mast. The black cable above the head of the ocean, is a prop. Each end of a yard is suspended by a pole topping.
The top of each yard is typically two longitudinal bars, attached to the yardarm by peaks: the die scale, used to attach the sail to the yard, and lifeline , topmen that can take charge to keep, they can moor their safety harnesses. The name comes from die fact that he once was rigging.
From one end of the yard to the mast in the yard, cable serves step to Gabi. It is supported by brackets , short cables tied to the lifeline.
Above, two images of a yard of Belem show the arrangement of the two channels and how the sail is enverguée on die size. It also distinguishes the clew, to be studied further, and the raffia that can furl the sail around the tracks. 
Shown here, from the dock, the yards of Belem (topsail topsail fixed and flying) without veils, which were degreee for winter work. We thus see better the die size of each yard. On Topsail fixed, we see more of the security sector. 
this image, cadets Mircea Brest salute during celebrations in 2008. Their feet are placed on the step, the harness is rigged on the lifeline to which the young sailors take a lower main.La yard is a yard topsail set, which is located just-above is a flying topsail yard . is called yardarm flying a yard that came down when the sail is not known and that is hoisted when the draw ; the mooring device of the yard on the mast slides on a track that we distinguish in the photo (it is black) There are also many big chain which suspends the yard and allows the lift: it is therefore part of the halyard .
All can release accidentally, for example under the weight of topmen, you should never work on such a yard when it is hoisted. This principle, allowing lower center of gravity of the rig is lowered when the yard is used for sails high.
Above the yards of ash Belem, at anchor, have been lowered : two cockatoos, two parrots and two topsails flying. their sails were furled when the two are just flying topsails reefed. Topmen three are currently finishing the furling of the mainsail, on the end port. 
We compare this picture, where the vessel is under full sail in the preceding note the position of yards high. The running rigging and square sails includes arm , of plays, the furled and sometimes laugh . All these cables are operated from the deck outside work maintenance and repairs (oil, paint, change of pulleys and cables, release of a maneuver stuck, etc.), working inside the tower are limited to furling sails (which is the greenhouse in regular folds around the industries, or the yard itself on boats means) and their release.
Above working aloft the barque Polish Dar Mlodziedzy . 
A sailor and trainees ferlent the main royal and the large parrot Belem. 
Above, two of topmen Belem pass raffia around the major pathway for furling the yard. 
This picture shows a sailor's Belem during the winter 2009-2010, engaged in painting work in yardarm. Notice the discomfort of the position and imagine what it must be at sea in heavy weather, when the ship rolls of 25 ° on each side ... Also note that the sails were degreee and put away. The arms are ropes from each end of a yard and passing over pulleys located on the bridge, some indirectly, with a pulley on a small yard perpendicular to the hull (brasseyage yard) or on another pole (usually the mast behind the yard, but sometimes one in front).
The arms are used to guide the yard from the ship's axis, so as to shock or to tuck the wing. When borders, meaning that stiff arm, it says that it the yard breaststroke .
This side view of the Dutch brig Mercedes shows quite clearly the provision of arms: The arms of the yards of the foremast are returned to the mast and down at the foot of the mast; those spars of the mainmast are returned on the foremast, with the exception of lower yards (v. foresail and mainsail), which are connected to the ship. If the arms of the yards came directly to the high bridge, the angle of pull would be much too steep: the effort required to brew the yards shook too important.
In this enlarged view of the previous image, we see the 3 yards of each high mast. The arm were highlighted (in green starboard arms, port arms in red). It was also stressed, in blue, plays starboard (those port are hardly visible because of rigging). 
Above the Belem, we see the arms of the lower sails (blue arrows to the mainmast, green for the foremast): they arrive at yards of brasseyage (designated red arrows). These small spars attached to the outside of the hull are pulleys, which pass on their arms, they are returned to the deck and turned around toggles the bulwark. 
These yards of brasseyage see themselves well in this photo of Belem, from the rear. The arms of the mainsail were highlighted: the port in pink, one green starboard. The ship is starboard tack : the yards are brewed to port, starboard arm of the yards and listening mainsail are shocked, the vessel has the wind on starboard. 
Above seen Bridge Belem, the yards of brasseyage starboard and arms. 
Above, detail of a yard brasseyage the three-masted Dutch Stad Amsterdam . This yard has been folded along the bulwarks to not extend beyond the hull and does not interfere in the port operations. The provision of arms differs between vessels, in particular according to their length and width: a large boat does not necessarily need to brasseyage yards, for example.
The plays are not used to the sails, except in the case of lower sails. These low sails are also regulated by a tack, pulling the clew forward while listening pulls back. For the other sails, plays only serve to flatten or more under canvas. Some are chains, they pass under the yard beneath the veil and are returned to the foot of the mast with pulleys.
this picture of the great lighthouse Belem, the red arrows show the plays of the royals, the parrot and topsail set. 
This photo of the end of the main yard of Belem shows, among other things, the provision of plays : the mainsail carries, at its clew, tack a which can pull the front (the clew becomes tack ) and listening which allows to pull back, ie sailing border. Note that here the mainsail is reefed (see below). 
These 2 photos of Artemis show and plays bass port tack sails (mainsail and foresail). On the bottom photo the tack were highlighted in blue and plays green. tapping sails above merely serve to flatten the sail more or less; that of fixed topsail is a string which passes around a pulley yardarm, and then over a pulley in the middle of the yard in front of the mast. chain or the tip is connected to a hoist which descends to a rack bulwark or mast, or may be applying downhaul (see below).
The clew ropes that are used to sail back to the yard : this is called the furled sail. Each sailing includes several, varying the level of the sail on the mast (and size).
This photo shows all furled the barque Belem . In Green, along the fall of each sail, the clew-point , can be traced back to the point count the yards. The clew- bowlines, purple, bring back the middle of the fall. Finally, the clew-bottom, highlighted in red, can be traced back edge (horizontal edge of the sail) to the yard. We distinguish furled-bottom from within and furled -background outside . 
Above, details of the clew of the mainsail and main topsail of Belem. 
On the same picture, the clew were highlighted in red. From left to right, so the middle of the sail to the edge, we see: the background furled-in- in the background-furled outside , the clew- bowline and finally the clew-point . Notice also the small wooden rings sewn onto the sail, through which pass the clew: they are called fairleads . Notice also how the mast and furled join are returned to the foot of the mast with pulleys. 
this picture, we see the way a furled is struck (docked) on the edge of topsail, we also note the large headline the mainsail and how furled mainsail are returned to the foot of the mast with pulleys. 
this picture, the fixed and flying topsails are furled : furled the land tighten the canvas against the yard, while the clew- bowline and clew-point back edge of the sail against the end of the yard, called empointure . The sailor who Ferle this part, called for topman empointure is the best sailor on board, because this work is the most dangerous. Notice also the fairleads, through which pass the clew, the chain on the left is listening to top-sail flying.
On older ships, the sails were reefed in baleen often ; then they offered some to the wind and might be torn by strong winds.
We see this provision on the Russian frigate Shtandart . 
A detail of the photo above shows how some of the lowest points of sail are returned to the yard by the furled land. On newer boats, the sails are tight closer to their yard by furled. Nevertheless, they continue to swell in part:
This photo shows the three-masted Brazilian Cisne Branco at Rouen Armada 2008. Her reefed sails are simply not furled: The artistic effect is a port, but with the wind at sea, the sails would deteriorate very quickly, they then have to furl as carefully as the weather permits. The laugh are small ropes by beating on the sails of the horizontal rows (reefs) and to reduce a sail in the furled partially. This reduction device of the wing was common until the early 19th century: each mast was then a limited number of large square sails (2 or 3). The invention of square headlights very divided (5 or 6 sails from the mast), with adoption of flying yards, helped to trim the sails in one after another in a specific order. This prevents this maneuver very delicate and dangerous in high winds, what the reef.
Here we see Earl of Pembroke sailing under her topsails. We note 3 reefs (small ropes hanging vertically). 
topsails on this detail, we see the three best reef bands (red arrows designate the pods that can pass ropes to moor the fall of the sail to the yard at the reefs ). We also see, at the yardarm the Raffia which allow the furling of the sail around the yard (and not around a die, as noted above). We also note, designated by blue arrows, the furled. S ur topsails of some sailboats means, reefing furling or are from the bridge through a roller system : by turning, there wound the veil a bit like a modern roller jib.
Above the Belle Poule, the topsail is half unrolled. The system can increase or decrease gradually the surface of the sail. 
This photo shows the top-sail fully established. We note just below the yardarm, the spar around which the sail can be rolled through a mechanism that can be operated from the bridge through the ropes and pulleys. 
Here, the top-sail furled is almost entirely (except for point counts) around the roller. The number of ropes (about a hundred on each side for a three-masted barque) a square rig sailing is awesome. Perhaps the explanations above you they will understand it better when you get up your eyes to one of these cathedrals of canvas and rope
.
But what happens there on the bridge? All these ropes to descend and for maneuvering, we have to bring order. What is done through racks, fitted toggles, which we turn the ropes for mooring. These racks are and around the feet of masts along the bulwarks of the ship . Each rope is a particular place that sailors need to learn, otherwise confuse listening with a furled or a halyard, which can have big consequences.
Above the Belem, a rack of bulwarks on the port side aft, receives the arms of three yards below the main mast and listening to the mainsail. These maneuvers pass over sheaves of reference embedded in the bulwark . 
This rack on the Amerigo Vespucci, is located on the bridge, close to the bulwarks. 
Above the foot of the mainmast of Amerigo Vespucci, with racks. 
Above the mast of Mircea . 
This photo shows the rack of the foot of the mainmast of the three-masted square Duchess Anne. Mind you, behind the mast, winch for the turns ropes. 
Above the deck of the Duchess Anne is seen backwards (you can see the poop in the back). Many racks are located along the port rail. Note also the turnbuckles in the foreground. 
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