Sample Hygienist Cover Letters

The masts and rigging.

poles are essential spars of a sailboat. Vertical or oblique (inclined longitudinally, usually backwards), they can be pos e s on the keel and the cross, or bridges. In this case, they can stand alone (at least on small boats), or be supported by cables: the were are longitudinal, the guys are lateral. They are usually metallic wires.

This picture shows the foot of the mast of the longship Cherbourg Dreknor and is implanted in a massive piece of wood (one speaks of root), which supports almost all the efforts of this little mast supported.

The shrouds, side, are attached to the hull reinforced points, called chainplates ; reinforcements are sometimes outside the hull and conspicuous, as the wooden boats.

On Ausquémé cutter, chain plates painted black (3 on each side) are clearly visible. The shrouds are connected by hoists capes de sheep.

can stiffen the stays and shrouds (called rider ) using turnbuckles two opposite rods are connected to threading the one guy, the other in the chain plate, a tube, the turnbuckle, is screwed onto the rods by shortening the whole, tending the shroud.

Above we see turnbuckles of Amerigo Vespucci, seen from outside the ship ; shackles connect them to the clasps. A canvas cover the cage to prevent it from turning and loosening.

This photo shows the turnbuckles the barque Mexico Cuauthemoc , seen from the bridge. Here, have metal plates that prevent the cage from unscrewing.
The alternative, to ride the guy is the hoist caps-of-sheep (kinds of pulleys).

On the Endeavour , guys are wrinkled using hoists caps separations, we can see the arrangement of chain plates, with the platform that allows aside from the midship points derives shrouds.

Above, a detail of hoists caps separations of Endeavour.

The main stay (Only on small boats) is attached to the bow, very strong piece. Other props can be attached to the bridge and on the bowsprit and jib boom. For this spar does not fall under the effect of traction, it must compensate the force exerted by the forestay with a bobstay sometimes complex (see below in the description the bowsprit)

For vessels which are frequent maneuver mounted on masts , the guys are joined by rope or transverse bars, the ratlines , which serve as steps. Details are in the chapters devoted to sailing ships square.

Sometimes, the masts are posed on deck , as on most yachts recent : forestay and shrouds are so absolutely necessary.

Some vessels of medium or small, have a folding mast backwards: the foot of the mast pivots between two media called binoculars. Was once used to facilitate the action of fishing:

The image below shows a caique Fécamp , Lady of Lourdes, we can see the twins at the foot of the foremast. Note also the clever storage of the gaffe and rowing.

today, the device is useful on boats Dutch and German operating on channels and can pass under bridges without disturbing traffic.

In the photo below, there are the twins of the mast and the winch to maneuver. It should also be noted on the front the 2 spars joining at the bow, they are a goat or sheers,, to obtain a better angle to pull the rope used to Mast lift (that is to say the forestay).

On ships, the masts are named , starting from the front: foremast, mainmast (there may be 1, 2 or 3); mast Mizzen . (See image the Sedov , above).

Of the schooners, the foremast is pleased s short the mainmast like Small Heath, below), or the same height.

On ketches and Dundee , the first mast is the mainmast . The

aftermast , large enough on the ketch, is called mizzenmast as on ships;


Plus petit sur les dundées que sur les ketchs, le mât arrière est nommé mât de tapecul .



Sur les chaloupes , on parle de mât de misaine à l'avant , et de taillevent à l'arrière .


Un mât peut être formé d'une seule pièce ; on parle de mât à pible ; c'est c'est le cas sur les petits bateaux et sur les voiliers moyens jusqu'à une certaine longueur de mât.

Both masts are Nebula Pible poles. The mast, keel stepped, crossed the bridge and measuring over 25 m and it is difficult to do much longer with a single piece of wood. The first e this sailboat mast, cut in the trunk of a tree, has also been replaced by a mast in glulam, this technique can make spars longer and stronger.

On sailing Bermudian rig, that is to say, triangular mainsail, we speak of marconi mast : it must be supported by Many were, like antennas emitting radio invented by Marconi. But unlike the antennas, there is very limited in width to attach the shrouds to the hull, hence the need to use spreaders which repeat the effort. These masts Marconi are generally made of aluminum alloy, and most recently appeared Materials "high tech", such as carbon, which became widespread on racing yachts.

Ci-cons, the spectacular boom of the J Class Ranger is 50 m high, one piece and is supported through 5 floors of spreaders.

rigs Some modern racing yacht (60 feet open, in particular) have no spreader at half height, but very long spreaders on both sides of the hulls. These spreaders are reminiscent of tuna trolling outriggers, but have a completely different role as they support the mast. Outriggers, however, are supported by the mast, they are used for rows or for the spinnaker.

Above, an example of these spreaders on the 60 feet Artemis.

This picture shows two racing yachts modern mast (red) DCNS is supported by bars and arrows, long, at the bridge. Mast BT , in the background, is more conventional, with 3 floors of the spreaders.

The height of a wooden pole, carved from a tree trunk, is limited by the difficulty of finding a larger tree, in terms of metal poles, tall ships, the tubes must be thinned the top (it is said: compressions) and this is feasible since recent times. Above a certain size, it is necessary to make masts compounds.

The foremast and the mast of tapecul Neire Maôve are Pible poles, but the mainmast is compound: the main part, or low-mast is fixed a topmast designed to carry the topsail (the name given to the arrow in this case).

Each of the four-masted schooner of Creoula is dialed.

On the large three-masted Statsraad Lehmkuhl, the three parts of the foremast and mainmast: lower mast (white), topmast middle (Yellow) mast parrot (yellow) at the top and the mizzen mast is in two parts: low white mast and topmast yellow. The basis of topmasts, parrot and arrow are as white as the lower masts.

The upper mast is attached to the lower mast 2 points: lower level of the platform and steaming, which also serves as an anchor the shrouds of the mast top, top, at the Chouque, solid piece of wood or metal with a hole for each pole.

In this picture we see the platform steaming the mainmast of the ship Amsterdam. The bow is to the right of the photo. We see the Chouque (dark gray) that caps the lower-mast and through which the topmast .

Above we see the determination of the topmast (wood) on the lower pole (metal) of the three-masted schooner mizzen The Boudeuse . The topmast is reduced to the spreaders and complex enough to kind of comb through which the bottom of the topmast. The sail is furled mizzen boom, she hides in the end part of the lower mast, called the your (between steaming and Chouque). Above, the Chouque is painted black.

This view shows a detail of the previous Chouque: we see it comprises, around the topmast, a necklace 2 part, closing with bolts: you can loosen to slide the mast boom vertically.
Indeed, a problem of the height of the masts ( headroom ) is the passage under bridges. Therefore some ships they have a device for lowering the mast and boom parrot: it is called stall the mast.

this picture, the mizzen mast parrot of Amerigo Vespucci (with the Armada in Rouen in 2008) was stalled to allow passage under the bridges of the Seine. The mast of the mainmast parrot himself has already been replaced. The ship is used to do during such stops. On some boats, of which you can calibrate and mast at sea, to lower the center of gravity of the mast at the approach of a storm for example.

Above, a detail of the foremast, with its mast rigged parrot.

On other vessels like the Kruzenshtern or Sedov, calibration poles is much too complex because of the size and weight of those spars: it requires a crane (formerly was used to subdue a machine). These ships can not therefore be that under the bridge leaving a vertical clearance greater than 65 meters: we will never see them in Rouen.
other details can be found on the masts of large vessels in the chapter on the square sails, including the yards and their maneuvers.

2) The bowsprit.
is a particular mast, very tilted forward or almost horizontal, leaving the bow . It serves as an anchor fixed to the mast some were before (foremast on ships). It is not counted when it says the number of masts of a ship.
It is connected to the stem by one or more cables ( mustaches, side; bobstay , fixed around the waterline and can be stiffened by a martingale ) .

The bow and bowsprit t kings-masted Statsraad Lehmkuh the .

The bow of Pride of Baltimore is extended by a bowsprit which is tacked on a jib . little below the bowsprit used to stiffen it, and under- beards that offset the efforts and hinder the bowsprit were to rise).
Note also that the bowsprit is extended by a bowsprit which is tacked on another sail. A martingale, small vertical spar the located under the bowsprit, and at its end, stiffens all 2 spars.

On older boats , bowsprit carrying a small vertical mast on the front, the whole is supported by a rig complex and can carry yards, and then sails.

The bowsprit of the galleon Prins Willim vessels is characteristic of 17 th century. Note the two yards it is: the top, the small vertical mast to the bowsprit parrot; the bottom for civadière .

On Shtandart , the vertical mast is retained at the end of the bowsprit, but he no longer wears veil is simply a flagpole. By cons, we can notice the civadière and its yard.

On Endeavour, the mast is gone, but the bowsprit civadières door 2. Presumably, these sails "trawling" in the seas, where they were rather a brake and were therefore used only by very fine weather, but as they were downwind of Hull, their effectiveness was questionable and we understand they have been abandoned.

The standing rigging.
is the set of cables (steel) and ropes (textiles) that support the masts and spars other : the the guy standing on the sides and toward the Rear the were hold them forward.

be seen above 5 was at the front of the Belem : 3 go the bowsprit and 2 of the stem. These were all support the foremast, and are used to endrailler jibs.

This photo closer to the end of the bowsprit were two shows (one of them wears a snap sail was unrigged) and sub-beard (under the bowsprit) and whiskers, which hold the side.

Always on Belem but this time in navigation, this view taken from the front of the bowsprit shows a jib on the forestay endraillé : a halyard enough to get him along by the stud to snap.

We do not touch the guy that was there and to adjust the position of masts, and that is rare in navigation (only when its are deregulated as a result of a gale, for example) . Capes sheep are blocked using specific nodes, the turnbuckles can be blocked in many ways) .. The backstay
(along the axis of the boat, back) and runner (Releasable on one or the other side, back) are adjustable on vessels and facilities small.

This view of Shamrock J Class shows a relatively simple rigging: front, one stay at the front, serves to support the jib furler. The spreaders, perpendicular to the mast and the shrouds are barely visible because exactly opposite to the mast, only the lower shroud starboard, starting from the first level of the spreaders and whose lock is aft of the mast is visible. But this picture is especially interesting because it is clear the backstay , joining the masthead to the transom, and runners. These, the number of2 pairs can be resolved through tackles. The backstay and runners are needed because of the position of the shrouds and spreaders, which hold the mast laterally, but not on the back: upwind the mast is held by the mainsail, boom and listening ; But downwind, it is further argued back. exist rigs to cross trees : The shrouds, chain plates which are backward from the mast, are sufficient to hold the mast on the rear backstay and runners will then serve as the settings .

This view of the mast of the 60 foot open BT shows an example of cross trees (available for stays that their blood pressure causes the bars to push the mast forward). Note that the front of the boat is left of the picture, the far-left, top, shows two struts, each supporting a jib furling.

The runner can also be considered part of the running rigging. it is used to stiffen the rest of the rig. It is Similarly some props, also Releasable , we removed to get a jib easier on the other side of their transfer, or use it in certain wind conditions.

On this view, 12 feet J Seven Seas we see the backstay, stainless steel (all in the rear, slightly offset to port), while sleeping, unused portions of the runners, are coiled around winches, pulleys runners are clearly visible on the gunwale.

gaff rigs on the leeward runner must be soft, if not downright abducted during a transfer to luff windward (downwind) and if it is a jibe (downwind accidental transfer) you risk breaking something: the runner, or, if she resists, the mistletoe itself.

Nebula This image shows the bulwark starboard abeam the mast. Note the cleats, red, on which we turn the halyards, shrouds the , wrinkled using caps separations and, what interests us here, the big triple block of hoist runner. In the photo, it is unused: if it was in operation, the pulley would be much more crochée back on the bulwark rail. Crochée being just behind the guy, it does not interfere with maneuvering and not likely to be struck by the mistletoe.